1. Plant–soil interactions are temporally dynamic in ways that are important for the development of plant communities. Yet, during primary succession, the degree to which changing soil characteristics ...

describe characteristics of a kelp forest ecosystem. explain the interactions between habitats and species. give examples of producers, consumers and scavengers in a kelp forest. draw and label the ...

As climate change accelerates, the risk of sudden, large-scale shifts in ecosystems is growing. A new USGS study examines the mechanisms behind these abrupt ecological transformations—known as ...

Invasions of non-indigenous species into natural communities are currently rated as one of the most important threats to biodiversity. Particularly exotic ecosystem engineers such as earthworms ...