Every flu season, injectable vaccines prime the immune system to produce antibodies that circulate through the bloodstream.

Deep in the lungs, resident memory B cells stand guard against influenza reinfection—but whether they remain there may depend ...

The study, "A transcriptionally distinct subset of influenza-specific effector memory B cells predicts long-lived antibody responses to vaccination in humans,” was published in Immunity. “Our study ...

The average human has about 1.8 trillion immune cells. These cells patrol the body for bacteria, viruses, cancers, and other threats. Vaccines enhance this security system by teaching our immune cells ...

At the surface, the immune response to a flu virus is simple. Some cells recognize the pathogen and send a signal to the immune system, and immune cells produce a potentially lifesaving antibody ...

T-bet expression is required for persistence of memory B cells that have rapid differentiation potential to become antibody-producing plasma cells in response to a second infection BIRMINGHAM, Ala. – ...

Scientists analyzing human and mouse pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) and spleens have identified a distinct subset of CD4 memory helper T cells associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Reported by ...

Understanding the interplay between T cells and B cells is pivotal to delineating both protective immunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Central to this dynamic are specialised CD4⁺ T ...

However, details of the intervening steps, as researchers have learned in the past 65 years, are quite complex — certain cells carry the flu antigen to the immune system, specific immune cells respond ...