Coding sequences for the majority of chloroplast proteins have been lost, so these proteins are now encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and transported from the cytoplasm ...

Some genes are passed on from parent to offspring without ever being part of a nuclear chromosome. Where are these genes found, and how does this non-nuclear inheritance occur? But why is leaf ...

Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts, small compartments within plant cells that contain their own genome, ...

Gene editing technologies have revolutionized the field of genetics, allowing researchers to make targeted changes to the DNA of various animal and plant nuclei, animal mitochondria, plant ...