When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works. What is life? This is a question that is often asked and typically confused. The confusion starts ...

You may or may not know someone named Luca, but you owe your life to a Luca all the same. What’s more, so do we all. That vital Luca is better known as LUCA—for “last universal common ancestor,” the ...

A test cross is a way to explore the genotpye of an organism. Early use of the test cross was as an experimental mating test used to determine what alleles are present in the genotype. An organism's ...

Organismal distribution limits and responses to climate change depend on how physiological performance varies as the environment shifts between optimal and extreme conditions. In this article we ...