When Germany launched Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, they expected a rapid victory—but instead encountered the Soviet ...

When Germany attacked, the USSR was unready — not by chance, but by fear and repression. Stalin’s purges had wiped out ...

Introduction -- Politics 1940-1941. Europe in July 1940 ; Hitler's ideology and strategy ; The monstrous scheme : a Greater Germanic empire ; Stalin's ideology and strategy -- The eve of war. The ...

Martin Lowenberg became a Jewish man, a bar mitzvah, 10 months before the Jews of Fulda were deported from Germany to Latvia, most of them to their deaths. The reading at his ceremony, from the ...

Plot to murder Hitler -- "Unconditional surrender" -- "Fifty thousand Germans must be shot!" -- "On the back of an envelope" -- Terrible silence -- "One hundred ...

Multiple explosions were reported over the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv early Friday morning. Ukraine's foreign minister compared the attack to Nazi Germany's assault on the city in 1941. The attack came ...