The current flow from collector to emitter in the NPN transistor when the positive supply is applied to the base is vital variations between the NPN vs PNP.

A PNP is used for the main pass transistor, but the circuit is easily converted to NPNs. The regulator can be shut down by shorting D1; the current will drop to whatever flows through R1.

The npn and pnp transistors used in the circuit should be high current- gain (hfe > 100) devices with minimum 2-A continuous current drive capacity (see the figure).

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