Epidemiological research—the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in populations—relies on knowledge of different data sources, solid study designs and the accurate ...

This study design does not provide any information on risk or cause. Ecological study. An ecological study examines disease at a population level. A good example is a study that uses a scatter plot to ...

Content includes explanation of the scope and focus of epidemiology, simple measures of disease frequency and association used in the study of the distribution and determinants of disease, types of ...

Kujala emphasises how epidemiological study designs are vulnerable to limitations that may skew or distort observational associations and impede the distinction between correlation and causation.